Igitabo c'ido n'ido Ex 11 Ivy'ubuhinga bw'umubiri

1.Ikibazo

Uburemere busanzwe buzwi cane, ni uburemere bw’impapuro ku gice c’ibarabara, bugaragazwa mu grams ku metero kare. Muri rusangi, uburemere bw’ishimikiro buri munsi ya 250 g / m2, bwitwa urupapuro; uburemere bw’ishimikiro buri hejuru ya 250 g / m2, uwo na wo ukaba witwa ikarata canke ku rupapuro. Igitigiri ni ibimenyetso vy’ishimikiro vy’umubiri, urugero rwaco n’uko bihuye n’ivyo bihuriyeko, bikaba bigira ico bikoze ku bikorwa vyose vy’impapuro z’umubiri n’ivy’icapa.

2. Ububi n'ugukomera

Ubwenge bwerekana urugero rw’uburemere bw’impapuro, rwerekeza ku buremere bw’urupapuro canke ikarata mu gupima ata guca ku ruhande kw’umuvuduko hagati y’ibipande bibiri vy’ugupima, mu mm canke μm. Muri rusangi, uburemere bw’ingaruka zitaziguye ku bijanye n’ugucika intege kw’urupapuro, ni ko n’uburemere bw’uburemere bw’ibintu bigenda neza niko bigenda neza. Uguhuza kw’uburemere ni ikintu gihambaye cane ku mpapuro, ukudahuza mu buremere biragira ico bikoze ku kugabanya umuco n’umweru, no ku kudatekana kw’ijwi n’ibara.

Ubushobozi bwerekeza ku buremere bw’umubare w’impapuro, kandi buzwi nk’uburemere, buharurwa mu kugabanya uburemere bwaharuwe.

Impanuro ni ingero y’urugero rw’uburemere bw’imiterere y’impapuro, urupapuro rumwe rw’impapuro, uko ugushikama kw’ibara rigenda rirushiriza, ni ko n’urupapuro rugenda rurarushiriza kuba vyinshi, ni ko n’urupapuro rworoshe. Ugushikama kw’ico cete ni co kimwe n’inkomezi z’ugukomera.

3. Inkomezi n'igihe kirekire

Inkomezi za Tensile ni ugukwegakwega cane gushobora gukomezwa n’uwukoresha imbere y’uko umenagura urupapuro rw’ubwagure canke ikarita y’ikarita mu gihe c’uburyo bwo kugerageza. Igihe urupapuro rurarambuwe n’uguhagarika umutima, urupapuro ruzoramburwa mu nzira y’inguvu. Iyo inguvu zo gukurura zirushirije kugaragara ku buryo iyo sprit ikurwaho, igihe kirekire gishika ku rugero. Muri ico gihe, igipimo c’uburebure bw’uburebure n’uburebure bw’intango citwa loreation, Igaragazwa nk’ijanisha.

Ku bijanye no gucapura ku rubuga, inkomezi n’ugukura kw’impapuro ni ikimenyetso gihambaye. Kubera ko urupapuro rugenda rurazunguruka, urupapuro ruzoba ruri munsi y’uguhagarika umutima cane. Iyo inkomezi z’ugukomera ari ntoyi cane, bizotuma impapuro zavunitse; kandi iyo uburebure ari bwinshi cane, buzohindura ubunini bw’urupapuro kugira ngo bwongere ikosa ryo hejuru. Ku bw’ivyo, gukoresha impapuro zifise inkomezi nyinshi z’ugukomera be n’ugukomera guke birashobora gukingira neza no kugabanya ukuntu impapuro zimeneka mu gihe co gucapura, no kugabanya ikosa ry’ugucapura.

4. Ugupfuka

Ukwihangana gupfunyika kw’ibipapuro vyerekeye ivyangombwa vy’ikigeragezo vyavuzwe, mu bikoresho vy’umwihariko, urugero rushobora gupfukwa imbere y’uko ruca incuro incuro, zigaragazwa mu gupfunyariza kabiri.

Uguhangana n’ibintu ni kimwe mu bimenyetso bihambaye cane vy’inkomezi z’ubuhinga bw’impapuro n’impapuro. Ni ingero yuzuye y’inkomezi n’uguhinduka kw’impapuro. Iyi nkuru ni ngombwa ku mpapuro nyinshi n’urubaho, ariko ku binyamakuru, amakete ya banki, amakarita Paper, urupapuro rwo gupfuka ibitabu ni rwo ruhambaye cane, kuko rukoreshwa mu kwihanganira isubiramwo, kugira ngo ushobore kwagura ubuzima bwayo, utegerezwa kubasaba ko bafise umubare munini nk’uwo.

5. Inkomezi z'uburebure bw'urupapuro

Inkomezi z’urupapuro zivuga ku ruhande rw’insinga z’impapuro, ibikoresho vyo kwuzuza, amabara, n’ibindi bifatanijwe n’urupapuro, impamyabushobozi y’ihuriro ikomeye, ivyo bikaba vyerekeza ku nkomezi z’ibikoresho vyo ku ruhande rw’impapuro bifatanijwe n’ibindi.

Muri rusangi, inkomezi z’uruhande rw’amakuru ni bike cane, mu gihe inkomezi z’impapuro zishizweko ari nyinshi. Kenshi na kenshi bigaragara mu mpumuro y’icapa ku kintu c’ugutakaza umushatsi kandi uburebure bw’urupapuro burafitaniye isano cane n’uburemere. Mu gucapura ikinyamakuru, igiti c’inyuma c’ico kinyamakuru akenshi kirakurwa kuri filime y’irangi maze kigasigara ku ruzitiro rw’irangi, bikaba bituma haba ibintu vyacapuwe ataco bizi, amabara yera araboneka, intsinga nziza z’ibikoresho vy’ugucapura zigwa zizotuma igicapo c’igicapo kizibira, kugira ngo icapa Ifoto ntirisobanuke neza.

6.Ubuntu

Ivyo rero - vyita ukuryoherwa, munsi y’urugero runaka rw’ubusa, uburemere bw’umuyaga, n’umuvuduko kanaka, urugero rw’uburebure buri munsi y’uburebure bw’ikirahuri n’igihe gikenewe, kigaragazwa mu masegonda.

Ugusonza kw’uruhande rw’urupapuro biragira ingaruka zitaziguye ku gucapura. Iyo urupapuro rufise uburyohe rworoshe rworoshe gupfukwa na film y’irangi, ingaruka zo gucapura z’urupapuro rwo gucapura ni vyiza kuruta ivy’urupapuro rwo gucamwo. Uko impapuro zigenda zirushiriza kuryoha, kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gukoresha akadomo k’icapa ry’agaciro kanini, ni ko n’ugucapura ibintu vy’agaciro kanini. Turasaba urupapuro rufise uburyo bwiza, rukurikirwa n'urupapuro rwo hejuru-smoothness. Igipande c’ugusonza ni igihe c’ugutemba kw’umuyaga. Ingingo ngenderwako y’igerageza ni ugukoresha umuvuduko udahinduka w’umuyaga ku ruhande rw’urupapuro ku bijanye n’uburebure bw’inusu y’inusu y’inusu y’inusu y’uruhande kugira ngo ikirere kigende ku ruhande rw’ico gihe. Igihe kirenze, uko ari ko bigenda birarushiriza kuryoha.

7. Ubushobozi

Ubushobozi bw’urupapuro bwerekeza ku bushobozi bw’urupapuro bwo gufata amazi canke ibikoresho. Irangi riri ku bushobozi bwo gufata wino, birashobora kuvugwa ko wino iri ku bushobozi bw’impapuro bwo kwinjira. Si ifitaniye isano n’ukurekurwa gusa n’ingene impapuro zimeze, ariko kandi ifitaniye isano n’imiterere y’urupapuro rw’urupapuro, ibirimwo mu gikoresho co kwuzuza, ibara n’ikirungo c’imipira, imiterere n’ibiranga irangi, be n’uburyo bwo gucapura be n’umuvuduko wo gucapura.

Impapuro zikeneye gufatwa kugira ngo zitere imbere mu gutanga wino. Ariko rero, iyo uburemere bw’ugufata ari bwinshi cane, ivyuma vy’irangi bizokwinjizwa mu mutima cane, kandi ikintu c’ibara ryirundanirije ku ruhande rw’urupapuro, bikaba bigorana gukora filime, bikaba bituma ata n’imwe igaragara ku kintu cacapuwe mbere n’ugucapura igice c’irangi. Muri rusangi, uko ubushobozi bwo gufata ibintu bugenda buragwira, ni ko n’ugukwiragira kw’urubuga bigaragara cane, iyo ukudakomeye gukomeye cane, ariko kandi bikaba bituma umuntu ashobora gucapurwa, bikaba bigira ico bikoze cane ku buryo bw’ibikoresho vyacapuwe.

8. Ubwenge

Uwera w’urupapuro rwerekeza ku rugero rw’ukwera kw’urupapuro ari ikimenyetso cose c’umuco uboneka mu nzira yose y’uburebure bw’umuvuduko. Ibintu nyamukuru bigira ico bikoze ku kwera ni ibirimwo lignin be n’urugero rw’ugusesa amaraso mu gipapuro. Kubera inzira y’umuhondo ya lignin, birakenewe ko lignin igabanywamwo lignin kugira ngo uronke urupapuro rufise ubuzungu bwinshi.

Uwera w’urupapuro aragira ingaruka nyinshi ku bijanye n’ibara ry’ikintu ca nyuma cacapuwe. Uko urupapuro rugenda ruragwira, ni ko ibara ry’irangi rirushiriza kuba ryiza. Uko ibara ry’ico kintu cacapuwe rikayangana, uko ibara ry’ibara ry’agahama ririko rirakayangana. Uwera w’impapuro z’amakuru muri rusangi ni nto, umuhondo, kandi ko impapuro z’ibara ryera n’impapuro zipfutse ari nyinshi cane.

9. Ubushobozi

Ico kintu kivuga amajambo n’amashusho icacapwa ku ruhande rumwe rw’uruhande rumwe, mu gihe urundi ruhande na rwo nyene rucapwa n’ivyanditswe canke amafoto, ntibuzoboneka nk’ikintu kigaragara. Ugutahura neza kw’urupapuro ni vyinshi, ku buryo bikozwe mu gitabu kugira ngo abasomyi bashobore kwibanda ku gusoma ibirimwo kuri uru rupapuro, ntibizoshirwa ku mpande zompi z’ingaruka z’ijisho kugira ngo amaso arushe. Ibintu bigira ico bikoze ku bijanye n’ugucika intege ni: i. Uburemere bw’urupapuro ubwabwo; ii) yaba iyo glue yakoreshejwe canke atari yo; iii. Ugusonza n’uburemere bw’uruhande rw’impapuro; iv. Uburyo bwo kugerageza ni ugupima ingene urumuri rwinjira mu mpapuro ubwarwo, igice ni co gipimo c’ijana.

10. Ubucuruzi

Gloss ni uruhande rw’impapuro mu bushobozi bw’umuco w’ibintu bihinduka kandi ubushobozi bushitse bw’indorerwamo hafi y’urupapuro ni impapuro mu mfuruka imwe y’igipimo c’indorerwamo be n’ikirahuri c’umwirabura gisanzwe kiri mu mfuruka imwe y’igipimo c’indorerwamo Said.

Insyo z’impapuro akenshi zipima urugero rw’umuco ugaragara ku ruhande rw’urupapuro rwera be n’ijanisha ry’uguca ibibatsi. Inganda zizokoresha ico kigereranyo kugira ngo zigere ku mpapuro, igipimo kinini c’impapuro z’igicuruzwa c’agaciro kanini. Ibara ry’impapuro, ibara ry’icapa riboneka ko rigaragara cane. Amafoto n’ibinyamakuru bimwe bimwe bikoresha urupapuro rwo hejuru - kugira ngo umuntu yiteho ku canditswe cavyo n’amashusho yavyo kugira ngo akwegere abantu, ariko ibitabu bikozwe n’impapuro zo hasi - kugira ngo zigabanye ingaruka z’umuco mwinshi cane ku maso Bityo.

Bivuye muri ivyo bivugwa haruguru, birashoboka kubona ko imiterere y’urupapuro ifitaniye isano n’ugucapwa kw’urupapuro, ivyo bikaba bizwi n’icapa ryose. Ariko rero, urugero rw’ingaruka nyinshi cane ku gucapura no kuvyara, umubare n’ubunini bw’isano hagati yo gucapura no kuvyara ariko si bose babizi. Nimba ingano y’ingaruka ku bikorwa vy’icapa bishobora kuba agaciro kanaka ko kudondora ubunini, rero inganda y’icapa yo kuyobora ata gukeka ko izofasha cane.

11. Ubushobozi bwo mu mutwe

Ubushobozi bwo ku ruhande ni ikintu kitagira ico gikoze ku kuvyara kw’ijwi.

- ubushobozi bwo gukoresha impapuro (ubushobozi bwo mu mazi)

Ubushobozi bwo gufata impapuro

- Ubwiza bw'urupapuro.