Iterambere ry'ubuhinga bwo mu mutwe

Kubera ko ubutunzi bw’imibano buguma butera imbere, gutegura n’inguvu inganda z’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubutunzi no kumenya uguhinduka kw’imiterere y’ubutunzi vyacitse ibikorwa bishasha ku bijanye n’iterambere ry’ubutunzi ririho ubu. Ivyiyumviro bitanu bihambaye vy’iterambere ku bijanye n’ubuhinga bushasha, uguhuza, ivy’ugufungura, ukwiyugurura, n’ugusangira vyashinzwe n’Itegeko ry’Ivyiyumviro vya gatanu vya Komite Nkuru ya 18 vya CPC: Iterambere ry’ubuhinga bwo gupfunyika ryatanze ivyiyumviro vy’iterambere, kandi muri ico gihe nyene, ugushirwa mu ngiro kw’umugambi wa "Internet Plus" kwahindutse kuva ku citegererezo c’iterambere ry’ivya kera ca kera gushika ku nzira y’ubusa n’uburyo. Ariko rero, ugereranyije n’ibihugu vyateye imbere, agaciro k’isohoka ryose ry’ubuhinga bwo gucapura mu Bushinwa kaguma ari gake cane, bushingiye ku bisabwa bishasha vy’ishirahamwe ry’icapa, bisaba ko ubuhinga bwo gucapura bukwiye kubandanya gukora ubuhinga bushasha kugira ngo bushitse ku nkenerwa z’iterambere ry’imibano.

1Iciyumviro co Gucapura

Gucapura (Gucapura, Ubuhinga bwo Gucapura, n’Itumanaho) ni ubuhinga bwo gukopa inyandiko z’intoke mu bwinshi mu gutanga ivyanditswe, ibishushanyo, amafoto, n’ibindi vyanditswe n’intoke ku ruhande rw’impapuro, ibitambaro, urukoba, n’ibindi . . mu buryo bworoshe, gucapura ni ubuhinga bwo gucapura bukoresha amasahani yo gucapura canke ubundi buryo bwo gutanga amakuru y’ibishushanyo ku nyandiko. Ishobora kandi gutahurwa nk’ugukoresha igikoresho co gukoresha amashusho canke igikoresho co gukoresha amabara y’ibara (nk’irangi). ) Uburyo bwo kwimurira ku ruhande.

Ubuhinga bwo gucapura burafise amateka maremare mu Bushinwa. Igereranya umuco mwiza w’igihugu c’Abashinwa kandi ni uguhindura ubukerebutsi bw’umuntu. Ivyandiko vya mbere vyariho be n’ibintu vya mbere vy’ugucapura n’ugucapura vyari mu mwaka wa 600 inyuma ya Kristu, imisi ya mbere y’Ishami ry’Itang. Kubera iterambere ry’ubutunzi, gukoresha ubuhinga bwo gucapura mu bikorwa vyo guhingura ni vyinshi cane. Bishobora kuvugwa ko inganda zose n’inganda zose zitatandukanye n’icapa. Muri rusangi, ubuhinga bwo gucapura ahanini burimwo: lithography, gucapura inyuguti (harimwo n’uburyo bwo gukora ibintu), n’icapa ry’ugucapura. Ivyavuye mu gutuma umuntu ashobora gucapwa no gucapura amasanamu. Muri rusangi, uburyo bwo gucapura bwo gucapurwa burafise amateka maremare mu mateka y’icapa ry’Ubushinwa, kandi burakoreshwa cane kubera igiciro c’ivyo gukora. Ariko rero, irafise akaga k’ugukoresha inguvu nyinshi kandi ntabwo ishobora gutuma Ubushinwa butera imbere mu guteza imbere ubutunzi bw’ubutunzi bw’ubutunzi bw’ubutunzi bw’ubutunzi bw’ubutunzi bw’ubutunzi bw’ubutunzi bw’ubutunzi bw’ubutunzi bw’ubutunzi bw’ubutunzi bw’ubutunzi bw’ubutunzi. Ivyangombwa. Icapa rihinduka rihuza ivyiza vy’ibikorwa vyinshi vyo gucapura. Icapa rihinduka rirafise ibiranga umuvuduko mutoyi wo gucapura n’ikimenyetso gitomoye mu gihe c’icapa, cane cane ukuntu ibintu vyo gucapura vyagutse. Si ikarata y’uburyo bwo hejuru gusa, ariko kandi ihindura uburyo. Ikarata y’agaciro, ariko isahani yayo irazimvye cane, rero igiciro co gukora ni kinini cane, cane cane ntigikwiye gukora ibikorwa bitobito; igikorwa co gucapura divati ​​gifise inyiyumvo ikomeye yo gucapura, rero mu gihe c’icapa ry’icapa ryoroshe kwuma, Ku bw’ivyo, uburyo bwo gucapura ibishushanyo burabereye ku bikoresho vyo gushaza mu nzu, nk’akarorero mu gucapura mu mirima n’ibindi nk’ivyo. Hashingiwe kuri ubu buhinga bwo gucapura, itandukaniro ry’ibara ry’icapa ntiryoroshe gushikako, ni co gituma ribereye ku bintu vyinshi vyo gucapura; igikorwa co gucapura igicapo, nk’uko izina ryayo rivyerekana, ni imiterere y’igicapo ifise ivyuma vy’uguca ibibatsi. Uruhara rw’irangi ry’amazi biciye ku nzira y’ibara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara, ukwinjira n’ugucapura ku gicuruzwa, bikaba vyatumye habaho ibishushanyo vyacapuwe, ikintu gikomeye kuruta ibindi vyose ni igice c’irangi c’icapa gikomeye, kibereye gucapura ahantu hanini h’ivyo mu murima canke mu bikoresho vy’imiterere y’umurongo, ariko rero, ntibibereye nk’ugusohoka, glow canke floxo. Gravure ni igikorwa co gucapura gifise igitigiri kinini c’icapa ry’icapa. Umuvuduko waco wo gucapura na wo nyene uranyaruka, kandi ukuntu ibintu bivyara neza ari vyinshi. Gucapura digitale ni uguhingura ubuhinga bwa mudasobwa kandi ni co kintu nyamukuru co gutera imbere mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bwo gucapura ubu. Gucapurwa mu vy’ubuhinga bwa none birashobora gushika ku nkenegwa z’ubudandaji bw’icapa ry’umuntu ku giti ciwe, intumbero nyamukuru yayo ni ugucapura ibintu ataco bihinduye ku bikoresho bitandukanye biciye ku orodinateri. Gukoresha ubuhinga bwo gucapura mu buryo bwa digitale ni ugutera imbere kw'ubuhinga bwa kera bwo gucapura, buhindura ubuhinga bwo gusubira inyuma bw'icapa ca kera kandi buhaza ibisabwa vyo gushirwa mu ngiro kw'ibikorwa " Internet +". Cane cane, iterambere ry'ubuhinga bwo mu gicu ryatumye ubuhinga bwo gucapura "cloud" butera imbere. Bishobora kuvugwa ko ivya nkenerwa vyinshi vy’ugucapura vy’umuntu ku giti ciwe vyatumye habaho ubuhinga bwo gucapura mu gicu. Ugereranije n’uburyo bwa kera bwo gucapura, gucapura ibicu birashobora guhindurwa, bikategekwa igihe cose, maze bikashikirizwa ningoga. Nk’inyishu y’ugukoresha ubuhinga bwa none kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gukora neza no kugabanya ibiciro vy’ibikorwa, birashobora kuzigama neza amafaranga y’impapuro ku bakiriya.

2 Imibare y'Iterambere ry'Ikoranabuhanga

Inyuma y’imyaka myinshi y’iterambere, ubuhinga bwo gucapura Ubushinwa bwateye imbere mu buryo bushasha. Kuva ku bipimo vy’amasoko 12 ya mbere y’icapa kuva mu 2006 gushika mu 2011, Ubushinwa bwasubiriye Ubudage n’Ubwongereza nk’isoko rya gatatu rinini ry’icapa. Ariko rero, n’iterambere ry’ubuhinga bushasha n’ihinduka, ivyo yashitseko mu gutegura ubuhinga bwo gucapura mu Bushinwa birafise ikinogo kinini ugereranije n’ibihugu vy’amahanga vyari biteye imbere:

2.1 Ivy'Ivy'Ivyiyumviro vy'Ikoranabuhanga ry'Ubushinwa

Iterambere ry’amateka ry’ubuhinga bwo gucapura mu gihugu cacu ni rirerire cane. Ku bw’ivyo, ubuhinga bwo gucapura mu gihugu cacu burakomeye cane, kandi ubuhinga bwo gucapura mu gihugu cacu bwashitse ku ngaruka nziza: Ubwa mbere, ubuhinga bwo gucapura mu gihugu cacu buragenda buratunganye. Gucapwa mu vy’ukuri ni ubuhinga bushasha bwo gucapura bucapwa ata guca ku ruhande kuri orodinateri biciye ku gikoresho co gucapura. Kubera ko ubuhinga bwa none bugenda buratera imbere no gutera imbere kw’ubuhinga bwa none, icapa ry’ubuhinga bwa none ryarahindutse kuva ku gicapo c’amabara yoroshe gushika ku gicapo c’ubuhinga bwa none. Ivyo bintu birahinduka kandi kuva ku mpapuro zidasanzwe zo gucapura ku nzira y’ibikoresho vyo gucapura. Uburyo bwo gucapura butera imbere kuva mu buryo buto buto buja ku buryo buhambaye, kugira ngo ntihagire amakosa ari hagati y’imigenderanire itandukanye yo gushingira intahe no gucapura, no kugira ngo ubuhinga bwo gucapura bwo gupfunyika bube bwiza. Nk’akarorero, ubuhinga bwo gucapura 3D bukoreshwa cane ubu burakoreshwa (raba ishusho{7}}); ica kabiri, ibikorwa vyo gucapura birarushiriza kuba vyiza. Dufata igice c’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none kandi bikoreshwa n’ivyuma nk’akarorero, twateguye imashini y’ubuhinga bwa none mu 2009. Mu myaka ibiri izoza, ntiyagurishijwe n’ibice birenga 10 mw’isoko ryo mu gihugu. Mu mwaka w’2011, yagurishije ama units arenga 50, akayigurisha. Ico gitabu kiriko kiraduga cane ku rugero rwo gutera kabiri buri mwaka; mu nyuma, ubuhinga bwo gucapura ubuhinga bwo gucapura burakoreshwa. D ICO w eb Muri - ibiranga ibinyamakuru vy’ubudandaji: Gucapurwa bikomeza ata nkenerwa y’amashusho y’ishusho imwe: Igishushanyo c’umurongo, gishobora guhinduka: gusubirira igipfukisho c’uruzitiro n’uruzitiro. Ishobora gucapura urutonde rw’ibintu bitandukanye n’ibintu vy’agaciro: Iciyumviro co gukora ni coroshe kandi gisaba amaboko make cane y’abantu. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vy’ubuhinga bwa none.

2.2 Ivy'Ikoranabuhanga mu vy'Ikoranabuhanga ry'Ubushinwa

(1) Ikoranabuhanga ry’icapa ry’Ubushinwa ntiryashitse ku ntumbero y’ivyatsi bitotahaye. Gufata icapa ry’ugucapura nk’akarorero, ni ko gucapwa mu gicapo c’ibara ry’agahama. Kubera ibikoresho vyinshi vyo gucapura, ibikoresho vy’icapa vy’agaciro kanini, n’ibintu vyinshi - ubuhinga bwa none, bikoreshwa cane mu gupfunyika no gucapura ibifungurwa, ubuvuzi, itabi, umuvinyu n’ibindi. Ivyuma bitari bike bidasanzwe birahurizwa hamwe kandi bikoreshwa cane mu gucapura ivy’umutekano, ivy’amabanki, ibidodo be n’ibindi bimenyetso vy’agaciro. Ibintu ntibitandukanye n’ubuzima bw’abantu basanzwe. Icapa ry’i Gravure ryerekana ubuzima bukomeye. Ariko rero, gukuraho VOCs zicapuwe n’ibintu bihumanya ibidukikije, kandi bisaba amazi ava ku isoko y’irangi ry’icapa n’ibikoresho vyo gufatanya, gukora no guhingura amasahani, kugenzura uburyo bwo gucapura, guhindura ibikoresho vyo gucapura, no gushiramwo ibikoresho vyo gusubizaho mu buryo bw’iherezo. Baza ibibazo vy’ubuhinga kandi utanga inyishu n’umwete.

(2) Igishushanyo c’ibikorwa vy’igicuruzwa ntikitagira ishingiro. Turavye ikibanza cose c’ibikoresho vyo gucapura mu Bushinwa, ubu hariho ingorane z’ukubura ibikoresho vyinshi - imbere n’ibikoresho birenze urugero ku mpera y’inyuma. Ivyo bishobora gusa gutuma habaho ibisubizo bitari vyo mu bijanye n’icapa kandi bikagira ico bikoze cane ku guteza imbere inganda z’icapa. (3) Urugero rw’ikoreshwa ry’ubuhinga bwo gucapura ibintu bitandukanye ntirurengeye. Ikoranabuhanga ry’icapa ry’i Hybrid ni kimwe mu bintu vyabaye mu guteza imbere ubuhinga bwo gucapura muri kazoza. Ubuhinga bwo gucapura mu bihugu biteye imbere mu mahanga burasanzwe bumaze gukura cane, ariko ubuhinga bwo gucapura mu gihugu cacu ntiburakura, cane cane ukubura uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwa none. Ikindi, abakozi bajejwe ivy’ubuhinga bwo mu Bushinwa na bo nyene ntibahagije. Ubukene bw’ubuhinga buzotuma habaho ingaruka nyinshi ku guteza imbere amashirahamwe y’icapa. Ariko rero, ubuhinga bwarimwa mu mashure yisumbuye y’imyuga ubu ntibushobora gushitsa ivyo bikenewe. Ni co gituma bikenewe ko Leta, amashure yisumbuye y’imyuga, n’ibigo kugira ngo bishingirwe hamwe uburyo bwo gusangira kugira ngo bashobore gushitsa ibisabwa n’abakozi bafise ubushobozi muri ivyo.

3 Iterambere ry'Ikoranabuhanga ry'Ubushinwa

Hashingiwe ku guteza imbere ubuhinga bwa none mu Bushinwa be n’ibisabwa n’umugambi wo gutegura ivy’iterambere ry’ubuhinga bwa none, ufatanijwe n’iterambere ry’ubuhinga bwo gucapura mu gihugu no mu mahanga, ubuhinga bwo gucapura Ubushinwa butanga cane cane ibi bikurikira:

3.1 ikoreshwa cane

Ikoreshwa ry'ubuhinga ni ikimenyetso ca beton y'ugushiramwo ingamba "Internet+". Kubera ko ubuhinga bwa mudasobwa bwateye imbere, ubwoko bwinshi bushasha bw’ibikoresho vyo gucapura burasanzwe bufise ubuhinga bwo gukoresha ubuhinga bwa none nk’ubuhinga bwo kugenzura ubuhinga bwa mudasobwa, ubuhinga butagiramwo ubuhinga bwo gukoresha ubuhinga bwa none, n’ubuhinga bwo gutanga amaso. Kubera ingorane y’ibikoresho vy’impapuro z’icapa, amahugurwa y’ishirahamwe ry’icapa rya kera ryatumye igikorwa co gucapura gishikirwa n’ibintu biterwa n’ibintu bimenetse ku bidukikije. Ku bw’ivyo, gukoresha igikoresho co gucapura icumba c’icapa birafise agaciro kanini k’ikoreshwa ry’igitegwa. Igenzura ry'ubuhinga, iyo ubukonje bw'igitegwa n'ubushuhe burenze ubushuhe bwategekanijwe, igikoresho kizohagarara, ni ko nyene igihe ubukonje nyabwo buri hasi y'igikoresho categekanijwe, ico gikoresho kizoca kigira ico gikoze, kugira ngo kishike ku kugenzura uburyo bwo gucapura . Kubera ko ivyo bikoresho vyakoresheje, inyungu z’ubutunzi n’ivyiza vy’amashirahamwe y’icapa vyarateye imbere cane.

3.2 Urutonde

Ikoranabuhanga ry’ubuhinga bwa none ry’ubuhinga bwo gucapura ryatumye habaho uguhuza kw’ibikorwa vy’ibikoresho vyo gucapura. Guhuza ahanini bishingiye ku buryo bwo gukora n’uburyo bwo gukora. Cane cane, uguteza imbere ubuhinga bwa none kwatumye ubuhinga bwo gucapura busubira guhindura, maze bushika ku gushiramwo ubuhinga bwo gucapura, gucapura no gutera imbere. Nk’akarorero, kugira ngo hatorwe gutorera umuti ivy’uko hakenewe igikorwa co gufatanya mu gihe ca nyuma c’icapa ry’ubuhinga bwa none, ibisobanuro vyose vy’ubuhinga bwa none (MBO digital digital) birashobora kugaragazwa neza. Itongo ryinjijwe ataco rihinduye mu nzira imwe y’uguhingura, kandi rishobora guhuzwa n’ibikoresho vy’icapa vy’ubuhinga bwa none canke bihuzwa n’igice c’imbere c’ibarabara ku bijanye n’uguhingura - umurongo. Ivyo bikoresho birahuye cane n’ivyo abakiriya bakeneye vy’ukuri kandi birashobora guha abakiriya inyishu nshasha kandi zikora neza.

3.3 Ubwenge

Integuro y’ubwenge ni kimwe mu bintu bihambaye mu gutegura ubuhinga bwo gucapura, kandi ni co kimenyetso nyamukuru c’iterambere ry’ubuhinga bwa none bw’ubuhinga bwa none. Ubwenge bushingiye ku guteza imbere ubuhinga bwa Internet. Bica uburyo bwa kera bwo gukora amaboko maze akabona ko ata nkenerwa yo gukora amasahani. Ishobora gucapura ivya nkenerwa. Ariko kandi, turakeneye kandi kubona ingorane zo guteza imbere ubuhinga bwo gucapura ubuhinga bw’Ubushinwa, ni ukuvuga ko ibifungurwa vy’ubwenge bikenewe gutegurwa, kandi ivyo bizovamwo bizogira ico bikoze ku mutekano w’ibifungurwa.

3.4 Ibidukikije vy'ivyatsi

Gufatanya n’iterambere ry’ivyatsi. Uburinzi bw'ibidukikije ni kimwe mu bintu vy'imbere mu bijanye n'icapa mu kiringo c'uko "{{- Umugambi wa Year". Tubwirizwa kwihatira gushika ku rugero rw’ivyemezo vy’icatsi kibisi rushigikiwe na Leta mu bijanye n’uguhingura, no gukora cane kugira ngo duteza imbere kubungabunga inguvu no kugabanya ugukoresha mu bijanye n’ugucapura no gutegura ubutunzi bw’ivyatsi n’ibidukikije. Guteza imbere uguteza imbere inzira y’ingamiya yo hasi -barbone, kubika neza no gukoresha neza uburyo bwo gukoresha, no gukoresha neza gaze y’imyanda, amazi y’imyanda, n’imyanda ikomeye icapwe. Iterambere ry’iterambere ry’ivyatsi ry’ubuhinga bwo gucapura ahanini rikeneye gukorwa mu bintu bibiri bikurikira: Ica mbere, iciyumviro c’uburinzi bw’ibidukikije kirerekanwa mu guhingura icapa. Amashirahamwe menshi y’icapa arakomeza ibintu vyo hanze mu gihe ariko arahingura no kwirengagiza iciyumviro co kurinda ibidukikije, ivyo bikaba bituma habaho uguhumanya cane. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umugambi w’icapa uriko urakora ubu urashiramwo iciyumviro co gukingira ibidukikije. Mu guhingura ivyiyumviro, biratanga ibiranga uguhura n’ivyo abakiriya bakeneye no kugabanya ubuhumane bw’ibidukikije. Ubwa kabiri, bigaragara mu nzira yo gucapura. Turazi ko uburyo bwa kera bwo gukora ari bworoshe gukora uburyo butandukanye. Amazi y’imyanda, uguhumanya ayo mazi y’imyanda ku bidukikije ni kinini cane, rero bishingiye ku bisabwa n’ibikorwa vyo gukingira ibidukikije, ubuhinga bw’ivyatsi bitoto bugaragara cane cane mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bwo gukingira ibidukikije, ku rundi ruhande, kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gukora ibintu bishasha no gufata neza ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none, bikaba bituma umuntu ashobora gukingirwa n’ibintu biteye imbere, kugira ngo ashike ku kurinda ibidukikije.

Iciyumviro

Kubera umugambi w'Ubushinwa "Internet Plus", ubuhinga bwo gucapura bwatumye habaho iterambere ryihuse ry'ubuhinga bwo gucapura biciye mu gukorana n'ubuhinga bwa Internet. Ku bw’ivyo, mu gihe c’ugusubira gutunganya ubutunzi bw’Ubushinwa no kwubaka inguvu- gucungura inganda, ingene twomenya ubuhinga bwo gucapura n’ubuhinga bwa none Uguhuriza hamwe kw’ubuhinga bwa kera bwo gucapura ibintu vy’ishimikiro vy’Ubushinwa, gutahura uburyo bwo gucapura bwo gukoresha ubuhinga bwa none be n’uguhingura inyungu nyinshi ku bigo ni ibibazo dutegerezwa kwitwararika no gutorera umuti. Ivyo bisaba ko umuganga wese atanga inguvu ziwe bwite no kwihebera ugutegura ubuhinga bwo gucapura bwiza cane kandi buhambaye, buzotuma vy’ukuri Ubushinwa buba igihugu gikomeye co gucapura.